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 All living organisms require food, which provides essential nutrients for body development, growth, and health. Food supplies proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals that are necessary for our well-being. Agriculture and animal husbandry are the primary sources of food for humans, obtained from plants and animals respectively. Efforts are made to improve productivity in agriculture and animal husbandry due to several reasons. India, being a populous country with a growing population of over one billion people, requires a significant increase in food production. The current levels of production are insufficient to meet the growing demand for food. Expanding agricultural land is not feasible in India as the available land is already extensively cultivated. Therefore, increasing production efficiency in both crop and livestock farming becomes necessary. Previous efforts like the green revolution and white revolution have contributed to increased food-grain production an...

All living cells require nutrients, oxygen, and other essential substances, as well as the continuous removal of waste or harmful substances for healthy tissue functioning. Different groups of animals have evolved various methods of transport for these substances. Simple organisms like sponges and coelenterates circulate water from their surroundings through their body cavities to facilitate substance exchange with cells. More complex organisms, including humans, use special fluids within their bodies for transport. Blood is the most commonly used body fluid for this purpose. Blood is a vital fluid that circulates throughout the body, delivering oxygen, nutrients, and hormones, and removing waste products. Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is the liquid component of blood, consisting of water, proteins, hormones, electrolytes, and other substances. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and tra...

 Breathing is the process of exchanging oxygen (O2) from the atmosphere with carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by the cells. Oxygen is utilized by organisms to break down simple molecules like glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids to derive energy for various activities. Carbon dioxide, a harmful byproduct of these catabolic reactions, needs to be released from the cells. The respiratory organs are responsible for the exchange of gases during breathing. When we breathe, our chest moves up and down. This movement is a result of the mechanism of breathing. The primary respiratory organs are the lungs, which are located in the chest cavity. Breathing involves two main phases: inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, expanding the chest cavity and creating a vacuum. This leads to the intake of air into the lungs. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the bloodstream through tiny air sacs called alveoli in the lungs. Carbon dioxide, p...

13.1 ECO-SYSTEM — WHAT ARE ITS COMPONENTS? An ecosystem is a complex system where living organisms (biotic components) and non-living factors (abiotic components) interact with each other. Biotic components include plants, animals, microorganisms, and humans, while abiotic components include temperature, rainfall, wind, soil, and minerals. Examples of ecosystems include gardens, forests, ponds, lakes, and crop fields. Producers are organisms, such as green plants and certain bacteria, that can use radiant energy from the sun and chlorophyll to convert inorganic substances into organic compounds like sugar and starch through photosynthesis. Consumers are organisms that depend on producers either directly or indirectly for their sustenance. Herbivores are consumers that eat plants (e.g., cows, rabbits). Carnivores are consumers that eat other animals (e.g., lions, wolves). Omnivores are consumers that eat both plants and animals (e.g., humans, bears). Parasites are consumers that live in...