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ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

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  What is Plant Anatomy? Plant anatomy is the study of internal structure and organization of tissues in plants. It helps in understanding: Functional adaptation Transport system Growth patterns Tissue Organization in Flowering Plants Flowering plants have three major tissue systems :  Epidermal Tissue System Components: Epidermis Single layer of compact cells No intercellular spaces Covered by cuticle (except roots) Cuticle Made of cutin Prevents water loss Stomata Present mainly on leaves Composed of guard cells Regulate: Gas exchange Transpiration Root hairs Extensions of epidermal cells Increase surface area for absorption Trichomes (in stem) Hair-like structures Protection + reduce transpiration  Functions: Protection Water conservation Gas exchange 🌿 B. Ground Tissue System  Types of Ground Tissue: 1. Parenchyma Living cells, thin cell wall Large vacuole Functions: Storage Photosynthesis ( chlorenchyma ) Air storage ( aerenchyma ) 2. Collenchyma Living cell...
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DEVELOPMENT OF DROSOPHILA

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 SEGMENT POLARITY GENES Segment polarity genes establish and organize the anterior-posterior (AP) pattern within each segment during development. They divide segments into compartments and specify their identities. Examples include wingless (wg), engrailed (en), hedgehog (hh), and patched (ptc). Pair-rule genes establish a periodic gene expression pattern in alternating segments along the AP axis. Segment polarity genes properly establish polarity and identity within each segment. Pair-rule genes like even-skipped (eve) and hairy (h) are expressed in seven stripes. Segment polarity genes like wingless (wg) and engrailed (en) divide segments into anterior and posterior compartments. Segment polarity genes interact with other genes to form regulatory networks. They regulate downstream genes involved in cell fate determination, proliferation, and segment-specific differentiation. Mutations in segment polarity genes lead to developmental defects in segment pattern, identity, and polari...
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