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ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

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  What is Plant Anatomy? Plant anatomy is the study of internal structure and organization of tissues in plants. It helps in understanding: Functional adaptation Transport system Growth patterns Tissue Organization in Flowering Plants Flowering plants have three major tissue systems :  Epidermal Tissue System Components: Epidermis Single layer of compact cells No intercellular spaces Covered by cuticle (except roots) Cuticle Made of cutin Prevents water loss Stomata Present mainly on leaves Composed of guard cells Regulate: Gas exchange Transpiration Root hairs Extensions of epidermal cells Increase surface area for absorption Trichomes (in stem) Hair-like structures Protection + reduce transpiration  Functions: Protection Water conservation Gas exchange 🌿 B. Ground Tissue System  Types of Ground Tissue: 1. Parenchyma Living cells, thin cell wall Large vacuole Functions: Storage Photosynthesis ( chlorenchyma ) Air storage ( aerenchyma ) 2. Collenchyma Living cell...
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DNA Replication: The Process of Duplicating Genetic Material

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DNA replication is the process by which cells duplicate their genetic material in preparation for cell division. This is a crucial process that allows cells to maintain their genetic information and pass it on to their offspring. DNA replication is a complex and regulated process that involves multiple proteins and enzymes working together. Steps of DNA Replication Initiation The first step of DNA replication is initiation, during which the DNA double helix is unwound and the two strands are separated. This is accomplished by helicase enzymes, which break the hydrogen bonds holding the two strands together. Primer Synthesis Once the DNA strands are separated, the next step is primer synthesis, during which short RNA primers are synthesized by primase enzymes. These primers serve as starting points for the extension of new DNA strands. Elongation The next step is elongation, during which the DNA polymerase enzymes extend the primers, adding new nucleotides to the growing DNA strands. Th...
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