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ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

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  What is Plant Anatomy? Plant anatomy is the study of internal structure and organization of tissues in plants. It helps in understanding: Functional adaptation Transport system Growth patterns Tissue Organization in Flowering Plants Flowering plants have three major tissue systems :  Epidermal Tissue System Components: Epidermis Single layer of compact cells No intercellular spaces Covered by cuticle (except roots) Cuticle Made of cutin Prevents water loss Stomata Present mainly on leaves Composed of guard cells Regulate: Gas exchange Transpiration Root hairs Extensions of epidermal cells Increase surface area for absorption Trichomes (in stem) Hair-like structures Protection + reduce transpiration  Functions: Protection Water conservation Gas exchange 🌿 B. Ground Tissue System  Types of Ground Tissue: 1. Parenchyma Living cells, thin cell wall Large vacuole Functions: Storage Photosynthesis ( chlorenchyma ) Air storage ( aerenchyma ) 2. Collenchyma Living cell...
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ANIMAL KINGDOM

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 4.1 BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION 4.1.1 Levels of Organization the cellular level of organization: Seen in sponges (Porifera). Cells are arranged as loose aggregates. Some division of labor occurs among the cells. Tissue level of organization: Seen in coelenterates (Cnidaria) and some other animals. Cells performing similar functions are arranged into tissues. Tissues are specialized for specific functions. Organ level of organization: Seen in higher phyla like Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and others. Tissues are grouped together to form organs. Organs are specialized for specific functions. Organ system level of organization : Seen in annelids (segmented worms), arthropods (insects, crustaceans), mollusks (snails, clams), echinoderms (starfish), and chordates (vertebrates). Organs are associated to form functional systems. Each organ system is concerned with a specific physiological function. Patterns of complexity in organ systems: Digestive system: Varies in complexity. Platyhelminthe...
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