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ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

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  What is Plant Anatomy? Plant anatomy is the study of internal structure and organization of tissues in plants. It helps in understanding: Functional adaptation Transport system Growth patterns Tissue Organization in Flowering Plants Flowering plants have three major tissue systems :  Epidermal Tissue System Components: Epidermis Single layer of compact cells No intercellular spaces Covered by cuticle (except roots) Cuticle Made of cutin Prevents water loss Stomata Present mainly on leaves Composed of guard cells Regulate: Gas exchange Transpiration Root hairs Extensions of epidermal cells Increase surface area for absorption Trichomes (in stem) Hair-like structures Protection + reduce transpiration  Functions: Protection Water conservation Gas exchange 🌿 B. Ground Tissue System  Types of Ground Tissue: 1. Parenchyma Living cells, thin cell wall Large vacuole Functions: Storage Photosynthesis ( chlorenchyma ) Air storage ( aerenchyma ) 2. Collenchyma Living cell...
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Pathways of Carbon Fixation

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Photorespiration   Occurrence: Photorespiration primarily occurs in C3 plants, which include a wide range of plant species like wheat, rice, and soybeans. It takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells. RuBisCO Reaction: The key enzyme involved in photorespiration is RuBisCO (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase). While its primary function is to fix carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, it can also react with oxygen under certain conditions. Oxygen Uptake: When oxygen concentrations are relatively high and carbon dioxide concentrations are low, or when the stomata (tiny openings on the leaf surface) are partially closed, oxygen can compete with carbon dioxide for the active site of RuBisCO. This leads to the binding of oxygen to RuBisCO instead of carbon dioxide. Production of Phosphoglycolate: When oxygen is bound to RuBisCO, a two-carbon compound called phosphoglycolate is formed instead of the desired three-carbon compound during carbon fixation. This initiates th...
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