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ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

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  What is Plant Anatomy? Plant anatomy is the study of internal structure and organization of tissues in plants. It helps in understanding: Functional adaptation Transport system Growth patterns Tissue Organization in Flowering Plants Flowering plants have three major tissue systems :  Epidermal Tissue System Components: Epidermis Single layer of compact cells No intercellular spaces Covered by cuticle (except roots) Cuticle Made of cutin Prevents water loss Stomata Present mainly on leaves Composed of guard cells Regulate: Gas exchange Transpiration Root hairs Extensions of epidermal cells Increase surface area for absorption Trichomes (in stem) Hair-like structures Protection + reduce transpiration  Functions: Protection Water conservation Gas exchange 🌿 B. Ground Tissue System  Types of Ground Tissue: 1. Parenchyma Living cells, thin cell wall Large vacuole Functions: Storage Photosynthesis ( chlorenchyma ) Air storage ( aerenchyma ) 2. Collenchyma Living cell...

PROTEIN SEQUENCING

 Protein sequences can be determined using various techniques, including: Edman degradation   a chemical method used to determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein. It involves the sequential removal of amino acids from the N-terminus of a protein and the identification of each amino acid through a series of reactions. The basic principle of Edman degradation is to use a chemical reagent to selectively remove the N-terminal amino acid from a protein and to then identify the removed amino acid through a series of reactions. This process is then repeated for each subsequent N-terminal amino acid until the entire protein sequence has been determined. The first step in Edman degradation is the treatment of the protein with a reagent, such as phenylisothiocyanate (PITC), which reacts specifically with the N-terminal amino acid of the protein. The reaction between PITC and the N-terminal amino acid results in the formation of a phenylthiocarbamyl (PTC) derivative. The PT...

SENSORY NERVES

  The sensory nerves in humans play a critical role in our ability to sense and respond to stimuli in the world around us. These nerves transmit information from sensory receptors in our skin, eyes, ears, mouth, and other parts of the body to the brain, where the information is processed and interpreted to form our perception of the world. There are several different types of sensory nerves, each of which is responsible for transmitting specific types of information to the brain. For example, some sensory nerves detect sensations of pain, pressure, and temperature, while others detect vibrations and proprioceptive information, which helps us understand our body position in space. One of the most important types of sensory nerves is the nociceptor, which detects painful stimuli. Nociceptors are found throughout the body and respond to stimuli that have the potential to cause tissue damage. When a nociceptor is activated, it sends a signal to the spinal cord and brain, causing us to ...