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ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

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  What is Plant Anatomy? Plant anatomy is the study of internal structure and organization of tissues in plants. It helps in understanding: Functional adaptation Transport system Growth patterns Tissue Organization in Flowering Plants Flowering plants have three major tissue systems :  Epidermal Tissue System Components: Epidermis Single layer of compact cells No intercellular spaces Covered by cuticle (except roots) Cuticle Made of cutin Prevents water loss Stomata Present mainly on leaves Composed of guard cells Regulate: Gas exchange Transpiration Root hairs Extensions of epidermal cells Increase surface area for absorption Trichomes (in stem) Hair-like structures Protection + reduce transpiration  Functions: Protection Water conservation Gas exchange 🌿 B. Ground Tissue System  Types of Ground Tissue: 1. Parenchyma Living cells, thin cell wall Large vacuole Functions: Storage Photosynthesis ( chlorenchyma ) Air storage ( aerenchyma ) 2. Collenchyma Living cell...
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PLANT KINGDOM

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 Whittaker's Five Kingdom Classification: Whittaker proposed the Five Kingdom classification in 1969, which included Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae as the broad classifications of living organisms. Changes in Plant Kingdom Classification: Over time, our understanding of the plant kingdom has evolved. Fungi, members of Monera, and Protista with cell walls are now excluded from Plantae, even though they were previously classified under the same kingdom. Description of Plantae: This chapter focuses on the classification within Kingdom Plantae, also known as the plant kingdom. It discusses Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms. Classification within Angiosperms: The chapter explores the classification within angiosperms to understand the concerns that influenced classification systems. Early systems relied on superficial morphological characters, while natural classification systems considered internal features like ultra-structure, anatomy, e...
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