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  Time: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 80 General Instructions: All questions are compulsory. The question paper is divided into four sections: A, B, C, and D. Section A contains 10 objective questions of 1 mark each. Section B contains 6 short answer questions of 2 marks each. Section C contains 10 long answer questions of 3 marks each. Section D contains 4 essay type questions of 4 marks each. Section A Find the value of 2x + 3y, if x = 2 and y = 3. Simplify the expression: 5x + 7 - 3x - 4 Find the HCF of 24 and 36. Find the LCM of 12 and 15. Convert 3/4 into decimal form. Find the area of a triangle with base 5 cm and height 4 cm. Find the volume of a cube with side 5 cm. Construct an angle of 60 degrees using ruler and compass. Define a linear equation in two variables. Write the formula for finding the distance between two points. Section B Solve the following equation: 2x + 3 = 11 Find the sum of all the prime numbers less than 100. Find the mean of...

Introduction to the Chapter: This chapter focuses on the changes brought about by colonial rule in India's forests and the consequences for the forest-dependent communities. Deforestation During Colonial Rule: Deforestation refers to the depletion of forests and their resources. Colonialism intensified deforestation in India, affecting the environment and indigenous communities. Causes of Deforestation: Expansion of cultivation due to a growing population. Demand for wood for railways and sleepers. Establishment of European plantations (tea, coffee, rubber). Encouragement of commercial crops by the British. Impact on Indigenous Communities: Indigenous communities, such as Adivasis, faced significant hardships. They were often employed in logging but not allowed to use the resources for their own needs. Global Examples of Deforestation: Deforestation was not limited to India; it was a global issue. For example, in the United States, Native American lands and bison habitats were dest...

Causes of Deforestation in Colonial India Expansion of cultivation: The population increased, and peasants expanded cultivation, clearing forests to meet the growing demand for food. British colonial rulers encouraged the production of commercial crops, such as jute, sugar, wheat, and cotton, which led to increased cultivation and deforestation. Perception of unproductive forests: The colonial state considered forests unproductive and aimed to bring them under cultivation to generate revenue. Railway expansion: The rapid spread of railways from the 1850s created a new demand for wood as fuel for locomotives and sleepers for tracks. Plantations : Large areas of natural forests were cleared to make way for tea, coffee, and rubber plantations to meet the demands of European markets. Impact on indigenous communities: Indigenous communities, like Adivasis, were involved in logging activities but often not allowed to cut these trees for their own use. The rapid deforestation had a signif...

  Male Reproductive System Primary sex organs: A pair of testes suspended in the scrotum Secondary sex organs:  A pair of ducts each differentiated into rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis and vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and the associated glands External genitalia: Penis Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis) The process of formation of male gametes (sperms) in the testes Spermatogonia (immature male germ cells) undergo mitotic division to increase in number Spermatogonia differentiate into primary spermatocytes Primary spermatocytes undergo meiotic division to produce secondary spermatocytes Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiotic division to produce spermatids Spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa by the process of spermiogenesis Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted by the hypothalamus GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) LH acts on Leydig cel...

 Cell Structure and Functions: Cytology, the Science of Cells: Let's begin with cytology, which is the scientific study of cells. It delves into the form, structure, and composition of these tiny units of life. The Cell: Life's Building Block: A cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of life. Think of it as the building block of living organisms. In unicellular organisms like amoeba and bacteria, a single cell performs all essential life functions. Cell Theory Founders: Back in the day, Anton Von Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and describe live cells under a microscope. Later, Robert Brown discovered something crucial, the nucleus. Cell Theory, the Bedrock of Biology: In the mid-19th century, Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann put forth the cell theory. It stated that all living organisms are made up of cells and their products. Furthermore, they emphasized that all cells come from pre-existing cells. This theory was later refined by Rudolf Virchow. ...

 In the realm of literature, there exists a treasure trove of timeless tales that take readers on captivating journeys filled with excitement, suspense, and unforgettable characters. These classic adventure books have enthralled generations of readers with their tales of perilous voyages, epic quests, and daring escapades. If you're in search of thrilling reads that transport you to distant lands and test the limits of human courage, look no further. Here's a glimpse into the world of some of the most iconic adventure novels ever penned. "The Odyssey" by Homer (c. 8th century BC): "The Odyssey" is a saga that has stood the test of time, recounting the epic journey of Odysseus, a Greek hero, as he battles mythical creatures and navigates treacherous waters to return home from the Trojan War. Homer's timeless masterpiece takes us through a world of gods, monsters, and the indomitable spirit of a hero. "Moby-Dick" by Herman Melville (1851): Herman...

 Are you an engineering student eager to expand your knowledge and skills in your chosen field? Look no further! There is a wealth of free online certification courses available, offered by prestigious institutions like IIT, AIIMS, PGI, Central University, and MIT. These courses cover a broad spectrum of engineering disciplines, from cutting-edge technologies like machine learning and artificial intelligence to foundational subjects like structural engineering and thermodynamics. In this blog post, we'll explore some of the most popular free certification courses for engineering students and how they can benefit you. The Advantages of Free Online Engineering Certification Courses 1. Flexibility One of the primary advantages of these courses is flexibility. Most of them are self-paced, allowing you to study at your own convenience. This flexibility is ideal for engineering students juggling coursework, internships, or part-time jobs. 2. Affordability Education can be expensive, but ...

 Are you a biology enthusiast or a student looking to expand your knowledge in the field of biology? You're in luck! There is a wealth of free online certification courses available from prestigious institutions that cover a wide range of biology topics. These courses offer flexibility, affordability, and recognition, making them an excellent choice for anyone eager to enhance their biology expertise. In this blog post, we'll explore some of the most popular free certification courses and the benefits they offer. The Advantages of Free Online Biology Certification Courses 1. Flexibility One of the key advantages of these courses is flexibility. Most of them are self-paced, meaning you can learn at your own convenience. Whether you're a full-time student or a working professional, you can fit these courses into your schedule without the pressure of strict deadlines. 2. Affordability Education can be expensive, but these courses won't cost you a dime. They are entirely fr...