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ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

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  What is Plant Anatomy? Plant anatomy is the study of internal structure and organization of tissues in plants. It helps in understanding: Functional adaptation Transport system Growth patterns Tissue Organization in Flowering Plants Flowering plants have three major tissue systems :  Epidermal Tissue System Components: Epidermis Single layer of compact cells No intercellular spaces Covered by cuticle (except roots) Cuticle Made of cutin Prevents water loss Stomata Present mainly on leaves Composed of guard cells Regulate: Gas exchange Transpiration Root hairs Extensions of epidermal cells Increase surface area for absorption Trichomes (in stem) Hair-like structures Protection + reduce transpiration  Functions: Protection Water conservation Gas exchange 🌿 B. Ground Tissue System  Types of Ground Tissue: 1. Parenchyma Living cells, thin cell wall Large vacuole Functions: Storage Photosynthesis ( chlorenchyma ) Air storage ( aerenchyma ) 2. Collenchyma Living cell...
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION REVISION NOTES NCERT HIGHLIGHTS

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  •  The male reproductive system includes testes, male sex accessory ducts, accessory glands, and external genitalia.

  • Testes have 250 compartments called testicular lobules, each containing one to three seminiferous tubules.

  • Spermatogonia and Sertoli cells line the seminiferous tubules, and Leydig cells outside the tubules produce androgens.

  • The female reproductive system includes ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, and mammary glands.

  • Ovaries produce the female gamete (ovum) and ovarian hormones, and oviducts, uterus, and vagina are female accessory ducts.

  • The menstrual cycle is the reproductive cycle of female primates, induced by changes in pituitary and ovarian hormones.

  • Oogenesis is the process of the formation of mature female gametes.

  • Spermatogenesis results in the formation of sperms, which are transported by male sex accessory ducts.

  • Fertilization occurs when the sperm fertilizes the ovum, leading to the formation of a diploid zygote.

  • The presence of an X or Y chromosome in the sperm determines the sex of the embryo.

  • The zygote undergoes repeated mitotic division to form a blastocyst, which is implanted in the uterus, resulting in pregnancy.

  • After nine months of pregnancy, the fully developed fetus is ready for delivery.

  • The process of childbirth is called parturition, induced by a complex neuroendocrine mechanism involving cortisol, estrogens, and oxytocin.

  • Mammary glands differentiate during pregnancy and secrete milk after childbirth, which is fed to the newborn baby (lactation) during the initial few months of growth.



A diagrammatic sectional view of the male pelvis showing the reproductive system



Diagrammatic view of male reproductive system (part of testis is open to show inner details) 
A diagrammatic sectional view of the female reproductive system

A diagrammatic sectional view of the Mammary gland

A diagrammatic sectional view of a seminiferous tubule (enlarged)
Structure of a sperm

Diagrammatic Section view of ovary








Ovum surrounded by few sperms














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